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Impedance cardiography
Impedance cardiography (ICG) is a noninvasive technology measuring total electrical conductivity of the thorax and its changes in time to process continuously a number of cardiodynamic parameters, such as Stroke Volume, SV, Heart Rate, HR, Cardiac Output, CO, Ventricular Ejection Time, VET, Pre-ejection Period and others. In contrast to other technologies, which use man-made transducers to measure physiologic parameters, the unique feature of ICG is that it uses the body segment (I.e., the thorax) as a transducer. Two pairs of electrodes, placed at the beginning of the transducer (the root of the neck) and at its end (the diaphragm level), are used to detect the impedance changes caused by a high-frequency, low magnitude current flowing through the thorax between additional two pairs of electrodes located outside of the measured segment. The sensing electrodes also detect the ECG signal, which is used as a timing clock of the system.〔(What is TEB and how it works )〕
==Introduction==
Impedance cardiography (ICG), also referred to as electrical impedance plethysmography (EIP) or Thoracic Electrical Bioimpedance (TEB) has been researched since the 1940s. NASA helped develop the technology in the 1960s.〔Kubicek W.G., Witsoe, D.A., Patterson, R.P., Mosharrata, M.A., Karnegis, J.N., From, A.H.L. (1967). Significant improvements of its clinical accuracy took place in the '80s at BoMed Medical Manufacturing LTD under B. Bo Sramek with the product NCCOM3. in 1992 the company was renamed to CDIC and product renamed to BioZ. Development and evaluation of an impedance cardiographic system to measure cardiac output and development of an oxygen consumption rate computing system utilizing a quadrupole mass spectrometer. NASA-CR-92220, N68-32973.〕〔http://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/spinoff2001/hm1.html〕 The use of impedance cardiography in psychophysiological research was pioneered by the publication of an article by Miller and Horvath in 1978.〔Miller, J. C., & Horvath, S. M. (1978). Impedance cardiography. ''Psychophysiology'', 15(1), 80–91.〕 Subsequently, the recommendations of Miller and Horvath were confirmed by a standards group in 1990.〔Sherwood, A., Allen, M. T., Fahrenberg, J., Kelsey, R. M., Lovallo, W. R., & van Doornen, L. J. (1990). Methodological guidelines for impedance cardiography. ''Psychophysiology'', 27(1), 1–23.〕 A comprehensive list of references is available at (ICG Publications ). With ICG, the placement of four dual disposable sensors on the neck and chest are used to transmit and detect electrical and impedance changes in the thorax, which are used to measure and calculate cardiodynamic parameters.
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